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设计 19

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Active fuel design—A way to manage the right fuel for HCCI engines

Zhen HUANG,Zhongzhao LI,Jianyong ZHANG,Xingcai LU,Junhua FANG,Dong HAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 14-28 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0399-5

摘要： Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines feature high thermal efficiency and ultralow emissions compared to gasoline engines. However, unlike SI engines, HCCI combustion does not have a direct way to trigger the in-cylinder combustion. Therefore, gasoline HCCI combustion is facing challenges in the control of ignition and, combustion, and operational range extension. In this paper, an active fuel design concept was proposed to explore a potential pathway to optimize the HCCI engine combustion and broaden its operational range. The active fuel design concept was realized by real time control of dual-fuel (gasoline and n-heptane) port injection, with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate and intake temperature adjusted. It was found that the cylinder-to-cylinder variation in HCCI combustion could be effectively reduced by the optimization in fuel injection proportion, and that the rapid transition process from SI to HCCI could be realized. The active fuel design technology could significantly increase the adaptability of HCCI combustion to increased EGR rate and reduced intake temperature. Active fuel design was shown to broaden the operational HCCI load to 9.3 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). HCCI operation was used by up to 70% of the SI mode load while reducing fuel consumption and nitrogen oxides emissions. Therefore, the active fuel design technology could manage the right fuel for clean engine combustion, and provide a potential pathway for engine fuel diversification and future engine concept.

关键词： active fuel design HCCI gasoline n-heptane engine combustion

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Highly active and durable Pd-Cu catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells

Xiong PENG, Travis J. OMASTA, Justin M. ROLLER, William E. MUSTAIN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 299-309 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0495-1

摘要： A Pd-Cu catalyst, with primary B2-type phase, supported by VulcanXC-7R carbon was synthesized via a solvothermal method. The catalysts were physically and electrochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and both cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry using a rotating disk electrode (RDE). During the RDE testing, the half-wave potential of the Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst was 50 mV higher compared to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The Pd-Cu/Vulcan exhibited a specific activity of 1.27 mA/cm and a mass activity of 0.59 A/mg at 0.9 V, which were 4 and 3 times greater than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. The Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst also showed higher alkaline exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) performance, with operating power densities of 1100 MW/cm operating on H /O and 700 MW/cm operating on H /Air (CO -free), which were markedly higher than those of the commercial Pt/C. The Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst also exhibited high stability during a short-term, AEMFC durability test, with only around 11% performance loss after 30 hours of operation, an improvement over most AEMFCs reported in the literature to date.

关键词： alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cell Pd-Cu oxygen reduction high performance water

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燃油喷雾形态主动控制的可能性 Review

Masataka Arai

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第3期页码 519-534 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.04.010

摘要：

内燃机（ICE）对于汽车是有吸引力的动力源，具有良好的可储存性、可运输性，同时需要供应高能量密度的液体燃料。具有高性能和低环境危害的紧凑型内燃机是内燃机发展趋势。未来必须把燃油喷雾智能主动控制的燃烧作为解决传统内燃机相关重大问题（如排放）的突破性技术。已发展出在喷雾期间形成预期的燃料喷射速率和喷射模式的技术，并且传统内燃机可以在一定程度上控制燃烧。但是在燃烧范围内，燃料在空间上的扩散并未取得预期进展。因此，对于燃烧的智能控制，新且有效的燃油喷雾主动控制技术是非常必要的。空化、闪蒸、喷雾- 喷雾相互作用、喷雾-壁面相互作用和空气流动是有可能实现燃油喷雾形态主动控制的基础。本文使用文献中的论据来讨论未来喷雾燃烧的智能紧凑内燃机中喷雾形态主动控制技术的可能性。

关键词：内燃机，燃料喷雾，喷雾控制，喷雾形态，喷油器

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Design considerations and experimental studies on semi-active smart pin joint

Yancheng LI, Jianchun LI, Bijan SAMALI, Jiong WANG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 363-370 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0074-1

摘要： Hostile dynamic loadings such as severe wind storms, earthquakes, and sudden impacts can cause severe damage to many civil engineering structures. An intelligent structural system equipped with smart structural members that are controllable in real-time is an effective solution to structural damage and failure during such situations. Civil intelligent structures with controllable properties to adapt to any changes due to dynamic loadings can lead to effective protection of structures and their occupants. In this paper, design and testing of a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) pin joint, in which the moment resistance can be controlled in real-time by altering the magnetic field, is reported with the view of using it as a potential candidate for smart members in the development of intelligent structures. Design of prototype smart pin joints includes theoretical analysis related to the radius of the rotary plate, the property of MR fluids and the gap between the rotary plate and the casing based on the requirements of the dynamics of MR pin joints. FEM analysis was deployed to study the distribution of the magnetic field along the gap. It is found, from the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, that the MR pin joint with a diameter of 180 mm can produce a torque of up to 30 Nm, which meets requirements for semi-active members in a multi-storey prototype building model in the next stage of research and development.

关键词： magnetorheological (MR) fluids smart pin joint design consideration

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Design of active orthoses for a robotic gait rehabilitation system

A. C. VILLA-PARRA,L. BROCHE,D. DELISLE-RODRÍGUEZ,R. SAGARÓ,T. BASTOS,A. FRIZERA-NETO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第3期页码 242-254 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0350-1

摘要：

An active orthosis (AO) is a robotic device that assists both human gait and rehabilitation therapy. This work proposes portable AOs, one for the knee joint and another for the ankle joint. Both AOs will be used to complete a robotic system that improves gait rehabilitation. The requirements for actuator selection, the biomechanical considerations during the AO design, the finite element method, and a control approach based on electroencephalographic and surface electromyographic signals are reviewed. This work contributes to the design of AOs for users with foot drop and knee flexion impairment. However, the potential of the proposed AOs to be part of a robotic gait rehabilitation system that improves the quality of life of stroke survivors requires further investigation.

关键词： active orthosis gait rehabilitation electroencephalography surface electromyography

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Smart product design for automotive systems

A. Galip ULSOY

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第1期页码 102-112 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0527-0

摘要： Automobiles evolved from primarily mechanical to electro-mechanical, or mechatronic, vehicles. For example, carburetors have been replaced by fuel injection and air-fuel ratio control, leading to order of magnitude improvements in fuel economy and emissions. Mechatronic systems are pervasive in modern automobiles and represent a synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics and computer science. They are smart systems, whose design is more challenging than the separate design of their mechanical, electronic and computer/control components. In this review paper, two recent methods for the design of mechatronic components are summarized and their applications to problems in automotive control are highlighted. First, the combined design, or co-design, of a smart artifact and its controller is considered. It is shown that the combined design of an artifact and its controller can lead to improved performance compared to sequential design. The coupling between the artifact and controller design problems is quantified, and methods for co-design are presented. The control proxy function method, which provides ease of design as in the sequential approach and approximates the performance of the co-design approach, is highlighted with application to the design of a passive/active automotive suspension. Second, the design for component swapping modularity (CSM) of a distributed controller for a smart product is discussed. CSM is realized by employing distributed controllers residing in networked smart components, with bidirectional communication over the network. Approaches to CSM design are presented, as well as applications of the method to a variable-cam-timing engine, and to enable battery swapping in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

关键词： mechatronics automotive control co-design component swapping modularity active suspensions variable camshaft timing engine plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

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面向主动回收的产品模块化设计方法

张宠元,魏巍,詹洋,李汝鹏

《中国工程科学》 2018年第20卷第2期页码 42-49 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.02.007

摘要：

随着人们环保意识的增强，对产品可回收性能的要求也逐渐提高。本文在传统模块化设计方法的基础上，在产品设计初期融入了可主动回收产品的模块化设计思想，提出了基于主动回收产品的模块化准则，并且把主动回收度、内部聚合度以及外部耦合度作为优化目标进行模块划分。在算法部分，提出一种改进的免疫克隆多目标优化算法，该算法以变异操作为主，并通过去除较拥挤的抗体进行优化。最后，把该方法应用于内燃机模块划分中，与未优化的免疫算法进行对比，证明了改进免疫算法的优越性。

关键词：主动回收多目标优化模块化划分改进的免疫算法绿色设计

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卫星主动控温回路的设计模型与算法

李运泽,杨娟,宁献文,王晓明,石晓波

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第7期页码 48-50

摘要：

使用电加热器的卫星主动控温回路是一种重要的主动热控措施，通过简明扼要的机理分析建立起该主动控温过程中受控对象温度变化的动态方程，得出了稳态控温、瞬态控温两种基本的控温模式下主动控温回路电加热器功率需求的计算表达式，给出了进行主动控温回路电加热器热功率设计计算的一般流程，较详细地分析了一个具体设计算例，为卫星主动控温回路设计计算提供了简便的计算模型和方法。

关键词：卫星主动热控制主动控温回路模型与算法

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Design and analysis of dual fuel methanol-power poly-generation

Minghua WANG , Zheng LI , Weidou NI ,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 341-347 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0023-z

摘要： A dual fuel head poly-generation flowsheet was designed based on coal gas and coke oven gas. To help clearly understand the system performance, a 1.2×10−3.2×10kg methanol and 274―496MW power poly-generation system was simulated by using the commercially available software ASPEN Plus and GT Pro. The technology scheme, the operating parameters, and the efficiency of the system were also analyzed and evaluated, which will be used for building industrial devices.

关键词： dual fuel methanol-power poly-generation CO₂ and CH₄ reforming splitting ratio

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火力发电厂绿色设计的研究

戴洪军,郭纪中,成虎

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第9期页码 59-63

摘要：

火力发电厂资源消耗和污染物排放水平的高低，不仅关系到项目本身的生存与发展，而且影响到整个行业节能减排的实施，维系着全国经济和社会发展总体目标的实现。随着可持续发展理念的不断深入，绿色建筑技术和绿色设计技术已越来越广泛地被采纳和运用。通过在火电厂方案设计过程中开展绿色设计工作，采用模块化组合设计，优化设备及功能子系统，选用新技术、新工艺和新材料，采取有效的节水措施，实施控制系统优化方案，不但可以实现火电厂自身的可持续发展，而且能够取得良好的经济、社会和环境效益。通过初步研究，旨在为火电厂的绿色设计提供一些有益的经验积累。

关键词：可持续发展火力发电厂绿色设计绿色建筑节能减排

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化学工程师的主动机器学习 Perspective

Yannick Ureel, Maarten R. Dobbelaere, Yi Ouyang, Kevin De Ras, Maarten K. Sabbe, Guy B. Marin, Kevin M. Van Geem

《工程（英文）》 2023年第27卷第8期页码 23-30 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.02.019

摘要：

By combining machine learning with the design of experiments, thereby achieving so-called active machine learning, more efficient and cheaper research can be conducted. Machine learning algorithms are more flexible and are better than traditional design of experiment algorithms at investigating processes spanning all length scales of chemical engineering. While active machine learning algorithms are maturing, their applications are falling behind. In this article, three types of challenges presented by active machine learning—namely, convincing the experimental researcher, the flexibility of data creation, and the robustness of active machine learning algorithms—are identified, and ways to overcome them are discussed. A bright future lies ahead for active machine learning in chemical engineering, thanks to increasing automation and more efficient algorithms that can drive novel discoveries.

关键词： Active machine learning Active learning Bayesian optimization Chemical engineering Design of experiments

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Achievements and trends of solid oxide fuel cells in clean energy field: a perspective review

Abdalla M. ABDALLA, Shahzad HOSSAIN, Pg MohdIskandr PETRA, Mostafa GHASEMI, Abul K. AZAD

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 359-382 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0546-2

摘要： The main concerns in the world today, especially in the energy field, are subjected to clean, efficient, and durable sources of energy. These three aspects are the main goals that scientist are paying attention to. However, the various types of energy resources include fossil and sustainable ones, but still some challenges are chasing these kinds from energy conversion, storage, and efficiency. Hence, the most reliable and considered energy resource nowadays is the utilized one which is as highly efficient, clean, and everlasting as possible. So, in this review, an attempt is made to highlight one of the promising types as a clean and efficient energy resource. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the most efficient type of the fuel cell types involved with hydrogen and hydrocarbon-based fuels, especially when it works with combined heat and power (CHP). The importance of this type is due to its nature of work as conversion tool from chemical to electrical for generation of power without noise, pollution, and can be safely handled.

关键词： solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) clean energy design micro-scale nano-scale performance

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electrocatalysis: From conventional to single-atomic platinum-based catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel

《能源前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0907-3

摘要： Platinum (Pt)-based materials are still the most efficient and practical catalysts to drive the sluggish kinetics of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, their catalysis and stability performance still need to be further improved in terms of corrosion of both carbon support and Pt catalyst particles as well as Pt loading reduction. Based on the developed synthetic strategies of alloying/nanostructuring Pt particles and modifying/innovating supports in developing conventional Pt-based catalysts, Pt single-atom catalysts (Pt SACs) as the recently burgeoning hot materials with a potential to achieve the maximum utilization of Pt are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The design thoughts and synthesis of various isolated, alloyed, and nanoparticle-contained Pt SACs are summarized. The single-atomic Pt coordinating with non-metals and alloying with metals as well as the metal-support interactions of Pt single-atoms with carbon/non-carbon supports are emphasized in terms of the ORR activity and stability of the catalysts. To advance further research and development of Pt SACs for viable implementation in PEMFCs, various technical challenges and several potential research directions are outlined.

关键词： oxygen reduction electrocatalysis Pt single-atom catalysts conventional Pt-based catalysts design thoughts and synthesis metal-support interactions

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Development of realistic design fire time-temperature curves for the testing of cold-formed steel wall

Anthony Deloge ARIYANAYAGAM,Mahen MAHENDRAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 427-447 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0279-1

摘要： Fire resistance rating of light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems is obtained from fire tests based on the standard fire time-temperature curve. However, fire severity has increased in modern buildings due to higher fuel loads as a result of modern furniture and light weight constructions that make use of thermoplastics materials, synthetic foams and fabrics. Some of these materials are high in calorific values and increase both the spread of fire growth and heat release rate, thus increasing the fire severity beyond that of the standard fire curve. Further, the standard fire curve does not include a decay phase that is present in natural fires. Despite the increasing usage of LSF walls, their behavior in real building fires is not fully understood. This paper presents the details of a research study aimed at developing realistic design fire curves for use in the fire tests of LSF walls. It includes a review of the characteristics of building fires, previously developed fire time-temperature curves, computer models and available parametric equations. The paper highlights that real building fire time-temperature curves depend on the fuel load representing the combustible building contents, ventilation openings and thermal properties of wall lining materials, and provides suitable values of many required parameters including fuel loads in residential buildings. Finally, realistic design fire time-temperature curves simulating the fire conditions in modern residential buildings are proposed for the testing of LSF walls.

关键词： fire safety standard fire curve realistic design fire time-temperature curves light gauge steel frame (LSF) walls fire resistance rating fuel load

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advanced engineering measures on displacement and stress field of surrounding rock in tunnels crossing active

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0966-x

摘要： Based on significant improvements in engineering materials, three advanced engineering measures have been proposed—super anchor cables, high-strength concrete anti-fault caverns, and grouting modification using high-strength concrete-to resist fault dislocation in the surrounding rock near tunnels crossing active strike-slip faults. Moreover, single- or multiple-joint advanced engineering measures form the local rock mass-anti-fault (LRAF) method. A numerical method was used to investigate the influence of LRAF methods on the stress and displacement fields of the surrounding rock, and the anti-fault effect was evaluated. Finally, the mechanism of action of the anchor cable was verified using a three-dimensional numerical model. The numerical results indicated that the anchor cable and grouting modification reduced the displacement gradient of the local surrounding rock near the tunnels crossing fault. Furthermore, anchor cable and grouting modifications changed the stress field of the rock mass in the modified area. The tensile stress field of the rock mass in the modified anchor cable area was converted into a compressive stress field. The stress field in the modified grouting area changed from shear stress in the fault slip direction to tensile stress in the axial tunnel direction. The anti-fault cavern resisted the dislocation displacement and reduced the maximum dislocation magnitude, displacement gradient, and shear stress. Among the three advanced engineering measures, the anchor cable was the core of the three advanced engineering measures. An anchor cable, combined with other LRAF measures, can form an artificial safety island at the cross-fault position of the rock mass to protect the tunnel. The research results provide a new supporting idea for the surrounding rock of tunnels crossing active strike-slip faults.

关键词： anti-fault effect engineering measures LRAF method stress and displacement field tunnel-crossing active faults